In the biosynthesis of diterpenoid phytoalexins, the common precursor geranylgeranyl diphosphate is sequentially cyclised by OsCPS2, OsCPS4, OsKSL7, and OsKSL4 into two distinct diterpene hydrocarbons: ent-cassa-12,15-diene and 9bH-pimara7,15-diene. The momilactone and phytocassane biosynthetic genes are localized in narrow regions of chromosomes 4 and 2, respectively, creating functional gene clusters. These biosynthetic genes exhibit the temporally coordinated expression of mRNAs after treatment with a biotic elicitor in suspensioncultured rice cells. The basic leucine zipper transcription factor OsTGAP1 has been shown to be involved in the regulation of the production of momilactones and phytocassanes. OsTGAP1-overexpressing rice cells exhibit the hyperaccumulation of momilactones and phytocassanes as well as the enhanced expression of all momilactone biosynthetic genes, the phytocassane biosynthetic gene OsKSL7, and the MEP pathway gene OsDXS3, upon treatment with an elicitor. However, the details of the regulation of these genes by OsTGAP1 remain Y-27632 unknown. In Arabidopsis thaliana, 75 members of the bZIP transcription factor family have been identified and classified into ten groups based on sequence similarity among their basic regions and the presence of additional conserved motifs. TGA factors, which belong to the group D bZIP transcription factors, regulate pathogenesis-related genes such as PR-1 through binding to the TGACG-motif on the promoter region and mediate salicylic acid–induced defence responses. The transcriptional regulatory mechanism of PR-1 has been well studied. However, knowledge regarding the genome wide binding regions of these TGA factors is limited; only AtTGA2 binding regions have been identified by chromatin immunoprecipitation with tiling arrays containing probes representing the 2-kbp upstream regions of Arabidopsis genes. Highly characterized animal models of pain sensitization are employed to study pain mechanisms and aid the discovery of novel clinical treatments. Although the relevance of studying mechanisms of human disease in rodents is in question, many of the fundamental mechanisms underlying pain processing are consistent across vertebrates. This is particularly true for sensitized articular tissue and several models attempt to recapitulate symptoms of osteoarthritis including pain. In particular, 30–40% of knee joint afferents in the rat and cat contain important modulators of pain and hyperalgesia, such as calcitonin gene-related peptide and substance P. Joint afferents also have a higher proportion of high threshold and ‘silent’ C-fiber afferents, which can develop increased mechanical sensitivity when sensitized. Moreover, sensitization is required for many analgesics to be effective against noxious stimulation suggesting that these abundant afferents are important in pain processing. Together, this suggests that models of articular sensitization may inform not only drug discovery for joint pain but also general pain mechanisms. The rat monosodium iodoacetate model of knee joint sensitization is one of the most extensively characterized in terms of pain behavior and peripheral physiology. MIA intra-articular injection results in large reductions in weight bearing on the sensitized limb and spontaneous mobility.