{"id":1159,"date":"2019-06-10T15:26:33","date_gmt":"2019-06-10T07:26:33","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.bioactivescreeninglibrary.com\/?p=1159"},"modified":"2022-01-07T10:53:33","modified_gmt":"2022-01-07T02:53:33","slug":"presence-non-orthologous-genes-encode-enzymes-capable-carrying-reaction-present-ancestral-genome","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/www.bioactivescreeninglibrary.com\/index.php\/2019\/06\/10\/presence-non-orthologous-genes-encode-enzymes-capable-carrying-reaction-present-ancestral-genome\/","title":{"rendered":"The presence of non-orthologous genes that encode enzymes capable of carrying out the same reaction being present in an ancestral genome"},"content":{"rendered":"

The fact that thiamine levels might be close to deficiency threshold in humans is further emphasized by the observation that thiamine supplementation can lead to increased well-being. Our results show that, at least in muscle and lung, there is a negative correlation between age and ThDP and total thiamine content. We have previously observed that, in postmortem human brain, ThDP levels tended to be highest in very young individuals and decreased in the highest age group. Such a decrease would be in agreement with a decreased thiamine status in elderly people, probably as a result of decreased intestinal absorption. Finally, there appear to be many tissue or cell-specific differences in the metabolism of thiamine and thiamine phosphate derivatives, which could explain differences in sensitivity to thiamine deficiency, as already suggested previously for cultured human cells. As for other thiamine derivatives, Tulathromycin B<\/a> inter-patient variability was very high for ThTP. In some patients, ThTP was undetectable while in other patients the same tissue contained a relatively high proportion of ThTP. An inverse relationship was observed for thiamine. Therefore, we defined a new parameter, the TPR, reflecting the degree of phosphorylation of thiamine derivatives. This parameter, at least in cardiovascular tissues, seems to be a characteristic of a given patient, at least at a precise moment of his or her life. This parameter tended to be lower in patients suffering from cardiac insufficiency. It is well known that severe thiamine deficiency is often accompanied by acute congestive heart failure. A recent study showed that thiamine deficiency-induced heart failure in the rat involves oxidative stress induced apoptosis. Furthermore, thiamine deficiency impairs contractile function in cardiomyocytes. Though the heart failure is generally attributed to decreased ThDP-dependent enzyme activities, our results suggest that ThTP may also be involved in this phenomenon. Indeed, during thiamine deficiency, both ThDP and ThTP are reduced and our recent results show that ThTP synthesis is probably mostly mitochondrial in the heart. ThTP was rarely observed in gynecological specimen, but was nearly always present in fetal tissue-derived samples. This might be the consequence of a lower 25-kDa ThTPase activity in the latter. Their PGM activities, shown both in this study and previously, coupled with our mutant analyses demonstrating overlapping and supplementary functions in the cell unequivocally establish the two forms as NISE. Furthermore, enhancement of iPGM activity by manganese agrees with earlier data reporting this ion bound in the E. coli enzyme, and 3,4,5-Trimethoxyphenylacetic acid<\/a> supports the lack of phosphatase activity we report since known alkaline phosphatases require ions other than manganese. Although our experimental data derives from the model organism, E. coli, we anticipate it is valid for diverse bacteria that contain both predicted PGM forms. Our finding that bacteria that encode both PGM NISE predominantly have larger genomes is consistent with their individual functions being supplementary. Presumably smaller, compact genomes are less able to accommodate and maintain genes encoding functionally equivalent proteins. The presence of both PGM NISE forms in the same organism is found in diverse bacterial groups, but is particularly prevalent in the Bacilli and Enterobacteriaceae. In most bacterial taxa that have several representative sequenced genomes, the PGM profile is non-uniform. Different genomes may have both forms, as E. coli does, or only dPGM or iPGM, or, in a few cases, neither. Further complexity results from the presence of two or more bacterial-type dPGM genes in many genomes and from the occurrence of archaeal iPGM in over 40 genomes. The patchy distribution of the NISE forms appears to be partly due to LGT but is undoubtedly due to gene losses in specific lineages. The PGM NISE forms are a clear case of a phenomenon coined non-orthologous gene displacement.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

The fact that thiamine levels might be close to deficiency threshold in humans is further emphasized by the observation that thiamine supplementation can lead to increased well-being. Our results show that, at least in muscle and lung, there is a negative correlation between age and ThDP and total thiamine content. We have previously observed that, … Continue reading “The presence of non-orthologous genes that encode enzymes capable of carrying out the same reaction being present in an ancestral genome”<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[1],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.bioactivescreeninglibrary.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1159"}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.bioactivescreeninglibrary.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.bioactivescreeninglibrary.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.bioactivescreeninglibrary.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.bioactivescreeninglibrary.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1159"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"http:\/\/www.bioactivescreeninglibrary.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1159\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1160,"href":"http:\/\/www.bioactivescreeninglibrary.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1159\/revisions\/1160"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.bioactivescreeninglibrary.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1159"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.bioactivescreeninglibrary.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1159"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.bioactivescreeninglibrary.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1159"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}