This indicates that FKA is more effective in inhibiting the migration of cells at a higher concentration. Additionally, this pattern can also be seen in the in vitro transwell migration and invasion assay. The potential use of FKA as anti-cancer agent is further strengthened by the anti-angiogenic assays. Angiogenesis is a process whereby cancer cells form new blood vessels to supply for nutrients. This step is vital in order for cancer cells to become malignant. As demonstrated in the in vitro tube formation assay, and the ex vivo rat aortic ring assay, FKA managed to inhibit the formation of new vessels significantly. From the qPCR and western blot results, FKA inhibited the expression of VEGF in MDA-MB231. VEGF is a common associate to metastasis, especially in breast cancer. The level of VEGF is highly correlated with the initiation of angiogenesis. On a related note, cancer cells have an unusual high demand of energy in order to sustain. The Warburg effect is a popular theory in the participation of aerobic glycolysis in tumor. GLUT1 is a glucose transporter that plays a major role in the glycolytic pathway and is often related to the malignant type of cancer. FKA treatment decreased the mRNA expression of GLUT1 in MDA-MB231. Additionally, ICAM-1 is a glycoprotein that is regularly involved in the immune response and Adriamycin msds tumorigenesis. This protein is highly expressed in most malignant tumors. Based on the qPCR reactions, FKA was found to reduce the mRNA expression of ICAM1 significantly. FKA induces G2/M arrest in MDAMB231 only and thus implying that there is a selective anti-cancer activity of FKA depending on the p53 status. Thus, FKA is promising to treat more aggressive triple negative breast cancer with mutant p53.In terms of metastasis, FKA inhibited the migration and invasion of MDA-MB231 significantly. Additionally, FKA also holds promising anti-angiogenic potential as it impeded the growth of vessels in in vitro and ex vivoexperimental models. Overall, FKA can be seen as a breakthrough candidate in battling cancer as well as become an anti-metastatic agent. Nevertheless, further in depth analysis including in vivo trial is needed to better understand the functional machinery of FKA. Glaucoma is conventionally defined as a chronic optic neuropathy characterized by the progressive loss of retinal ganglion cells and optic nerve fibers. Given that glaucoma is essentially a neurodegenerative disorder, the development of neuroprotective therapeutic strategies that are based not only on intraocular pressure lowering is required. Neuroprotectants such as neurotrophic factors represent an important candidate treatment for glaucoma neuropathy. Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide is an endogenous neuropeptide with highly potent neuroprotective and general cytoprotective effects. PACAP belongs to the vasoactive intestinal peptide /secretin/glucagon peptide superfamily and exists in two forms, PACAP27 and PACAP38, the latter being the more biologically active. The receptors for PACAP can be basically divided into two main groups: PACAP receptor type 1, which binds PACAP with higher affinity than VIP, and VPAC receptors, which bind PACAP and VIP.