These differences are thought to be connected to the development of ADHD and its Magnoflorine-chloride associated symptoms. One area of focus for ADHD is the prefrontal cortex that is involved in attention and executive functioning; more specifically, the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex involved in inattention, the prefrontal motor cortex involved in hyperactivity, and the orbital frontal cortex involved in impulsivity. An important Dihydrotanshinone-I function of catecholamines such as norepinephrine in these brain areas may be to facilitate or inhibit behavior and medications that modulate this signaling may have effects on executive functioning. The precise mechanism by which atomoxetine produces its therapeutic effects in ADHD is unknown, but it is thought to be related to selective inhibition of the pre-synaptic norepinephrine transporter, as determined in ex vivo uptake and neurotransmitter depletion studies. Thus, atomoxetine may affect executive functioning via its actions on norepinephrine levels in the central nervous system. Additionally, while atomoxetine is selective for norepinephrine transporters, microdialysis studies suggest that atomoxetine may selectively increase dopamine levels in the prefrontal cortex, via the norepinephrine transporter or perhaps via a secondary signaling mechanism. This could also play a role in signaling that affects executive function. Interpretation of the currently presented BRIEF-A results should be tempered by the absence of neuropsychological assessments of executive function. However, neuropsychological tests have not been shown to reliably predict functional impairment in adult ADHD, while clinical ratings such as the BRIEF have been successful in this regard. Moreover, Biederman and colleagues found only a modest overlap between psychometric and self-reported measures of executive function impairment among ADHD patients. Neuropsychological testing was largely found to identify patients with lower IQ and achievement testing, while behavioral questionnaire assessment chiefly identified patients with higher levels of ADHD symptoms, psychiatric comorbidity, and interpersonal deficits.