To our knowledge, to date there have been no reported fMRI studies in patients with multiple myeloma who have developed treatment emergent CIPN, that have attempted to document pain processing within the brain. The aim of this work was to assess any alterations to the brain��s cortical and sub-cortical pain matrix in MM-CIPN due to factors including: chemotherapy, chronicity of painful neuropathy and psychological adaptation. In light of previous pain-related functional studies, we hypothesised that regions such as the frontal cortex, insula, and postcentral gyrus, known to be involved in cognition and emotion processing and sensory perception, would be modulated by the presence of post-chemotherapeutic chronic neuropathy. To test this hypothesis, we used Blood LPK-26 Oxygenation Level Dependent fMRI to study central pain processing during noxious thermal stimulation in patients with MM who had already developed CIPN and to NS3694 compare these findings to those from healthy volunteers. The study sample comprised MM-CIPN patients and healthy volunteers. Myeloma patients had been treated with at least one of the anti-myeloma therapies commonly associated with CIPN and had experienced neuropathic pain of at least six months duration. Exclusion criteria included history of any major neurological or psychiatric disorder, contraindications to MRI, claustrophobia, left hand dominance, and neuropathy caused by other medical conditions. In addition, MM-CIPN patients who could not discontinue their tricyclics, noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors and/or calcium channel blocker analgesic medication for at least 48 hours prior to scanning were excluded. Patients who were on a long term, stable dose of opioids were included. Subjects did not receive any financial incentive for their participation. For each subject, demographic data collection, neuropathy assessment, chronic pain assessment and MR imaging were all undertaken on the same day. All heat-pain stimulation was applied to the right hand side of the body for each participant. The experimental thermal stimulus was delivered using a computer-controlled, MR-compatible, contact heat evoked potential device, which rapidly delivers heat with controllable temperatures.