Glucocorticoids are also known to decrease other vasodilators, including prostaglandins and enhance the effects of vasoconstrictors such as Angiotensin II and norepinephrine. The effect of glucocorticoids on the levels of individual vasoactive molecules, and overall vascular tone regulation, needs to be studied further in order to determine if antenatal JP 1302 dihydrochloride glucocorticoid exposure effects gasotransmitters production and/or JTE 607 dihydrochloride action in the preterm newborn. This is particularly relevant in the context of sex differences in gasotransmitters- related regulation of vascular tone, as it is well characterised that males and females metabolise and respond to glucocorticoid exposure differently. Future studies should also consider the effect of a range of other vasoactive inputs, such as the sympathetic nervous system and the renin-angiotensin system and the newly identified fourth gasotransmitter, ammonium. The action of these pathways and their interaction with the gasotransmitter system presented here may contribute to overall vascular tone regulation in this vulnerable population. The World Health Organization estimated that there were 8.5�C9.2 million cases of TB and 1.2�C1.5 million deaths in 2010, including deaths from TB among HIV-positive people. The current 6-month chemotherapy regimen involves treatment with a combination of 4 drugs for 2 months followed by an additional 4 months with isoniazid and rifampicin alone. Although this regimen can achieve 95% cure rates in clinical trials, global cure rates are much lower mainly because of poor patient compliance and poor quality drugs that give rise to drug-resistant strains and infection relapse cases. Almost 4% of all TB cases globally are estimated to be multi-drug resistant, with the number of drug resistant cases increasing annually. Thus, new drugs with shorter and simpler regimens and with bactericidal mechanisms that differ from those of current drugs are needed. Antiretroviral therapy prevents severe HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders. However milder forms of HAND are still prevalent despite widespread use of ART. Suboptimal ART penetration into the central nervous system could theoretically be the cause of the remaining high prevalence of milder forms of HAND. In patients with tolerability issues, who remain virologically suppressed with triple-drug ART for at least six months, a switch to protease inhibitor monotherapy with lopinavir or darunavir is an effective alternative in the majority of patients. Despite these results, protease inhibitor monotherapy is a controversial strategy not recommended by all expert guidelines. The 2012 recommendations of the International Antiviral Society�CUSA panel mention concern about poor central nervous system penetration as one of the reasons for not recommending protease inhibitor monotherapy.