In our study, the morphometric change in the SN was accompanied by biochemical modifications at the striatum, suggesting that brain areas relevant in PD CPI-613 Dehydrogenase inhibitor pathogenesis were affected by the PSI treatment. In particular, in accordance with previous studies on humans or on different animal models of PD, we found a reduction of NAA/tCr. NAA is synthesized in the neuronal mitochondria and transported along axons and its concentration is reduced in case of neuronal loss. According with some PD studies on animal, tCr was stable. In this context, for comparability with numerous former MRS studies on PD and to preserve a good signal to noise ratio, the 1H-MRS data were expressed as metabolite/tCr ratio by using water signal suppressed spectra. The use of water signal suppressed spectra compared to the water signal unsuppressed spectra improve the assessment of the signal of some metabolites of interest such as Glx complex. In a combined DTI and MRS study, patients with PD showed an increase of Glx/tCr ratio in lentiform nucleus and a reduction of fractional anisotropy in the rostral SN. These finding correlated with severity of motor impairment as measured by the Unified Parkinson Disease Rating Scale. In our study, the ratio between GLX and tCr was increased after PSI treatment. There are conflicting results about the role of Glx in PD, and while some 1H-MRS studies on PD showed no changes for Glutamate and Glutamine in the human striatum and in rat models of PD, other authors showed by 1HMRS high levels of Glx in the striatum of MPTP-intoxicated mice and hypothesized that such an increase, explainable as due to increased Glutamate-Glutamine cycling, might SU5416 purchase perform a protective action from Glutamate excitotoxic injury. Nutraceuticals derived from spices such as turmeric, ginger, and garlic have been demonstrated to regulate central nervous system disorders by modulating inflammatory pathways. Numerous lines of evidence indicate that spice�Cderived nutraceuticals may prevent neurodegenerative diseases. Interestingly, epidemiological data reveals that populations in places like the Indian subcontinent, where people regularly consume spices, have a lower prevalence of neurodegenerative diseases compared with those of countries in the western world. This includes spices such as turmeric, red pepper, black pepper, licorice, clove, ginger, garlic, coriander, and cinnamon.. Several reports have emphasized ginger as a beneficial nutraceutical, particularly for CNS disorders. Ginger oils are a series of natural components from Zinginber officinale and they are classified according to their alkyl chain length. Many previous studies have reported that ginger oils exert potential effects against cancer, skin problems, gastrointestinal tract diseases, and CNS disorders associated with oxidative and inflammatory stresses. Gingerols, gingerone, shogaol, and paradol are main functional ingredients of ginger oils.