In the present study, we assessed temporal trends of overall mortality and of selected conditions usually considered not to be related to HIV-infection as causes of death between 1999 and 2004 in individuals who had and who did not have HIV/ AIDS listed on their death certificate. The online availability of all death certificates issued in Brazil provided the opportunity to compare reported causes of death in 1999, the first year in which death certificates contained primary, secondary, and contributing causes of death according to ICD-10 codes, with later years among individuals who had HIV/AIDS listed on the death certificate.. To our knowledge, this is the first report on temporal changes in causes of death among HIV/AIDS patients at the population level in a developing country in the HAART era. The present study suggests that, in Brazil, similar to what has been reported from developed countries, mortality patterns among patients are changing in the HAART era. We found that, in comparison to 1999, there was a steady and significantly larger increase in the frequency with which conditions not usually associated with were listed as causes of death increased for individuals who also had HIV listed on the death certificate than in individuals who did not, representing 14,746 LY2835219 deaths in the period. In particular, listing of CVD or DM as causes of death represented 3,746 and 744 deaths, respectively, both appearing to become more likely causes of death over time in individuals whose death certificate also included HIV/AIDS than in those who did not. Additionally, during the same period there were statistically significant increases in these conditions as underlying causes of death among individuals who had HIV/AIDS mentioned on their death certificates. We speculate that theses changes are not explained by aging of the population alone, given that the mean age of death in the non-HIV group increased marginally more than the mean age of death in the HIV group. Thus, certain potentially preventable and/or treatable conditions, such as CVD and DM, may have played significant roles in these changes, given that the proportion of death certificates in which these conditions are listed increased significantly GDC-0879 clinical trial faster in individuals for whom HIV was listed on the death certificate than in those for whom it was not listed. Our results are in agreement with reports from developed countries where the sharp decrease in mortality following the introduction of HAART was accompanied by significant changes in mortality patterns among HIV-infected individuals. In these countries, after a steep decrease in mortality rates following the introduction of HAART, mortality rates have been reasonably stable since the late 1990��s. For example, in the United States, mortality rates declined abruptly in 1994/1995, but remained stable from 1998 onwards, at approximately 7 deaths/100,000 population. In countries where HIV prevalence is well defined and thus could be used as the denominator, a steady increase in the proportion of deaths attributed to conditions that generally are not attributed to HIV infection, such as CVD and DM, has been reported. We were not able to perform similar analyses, given the absence of reliable estimates of HIV prevalence in most regions of Brazil. Our results are also in agreement with what has been reported in population-based studies conducted in developed countries.