The DNA probe of 1244 bp was generated by PCR on adult cDNA as a template and random primed labelled with PR-171 radioactive 32PdCTP. The Northern blot hybridisation, followed by stringent washes, is performed and the result is presented in lane 3, Figure 4. As we suspected, we got a smear of signals mainly in the range of 0.5 to 2 Kb, indicating that the LNCR transcription is probably starting from multiple genomic sites and that is under control of various external FDA-approved Compound Library in vivo promoters. Multiple genomic transcription sites could be also combined with various processing ways of LNCR since it generates LNCR rasiRNAs. Small ncRNAs have been shown to be involved in the silencing of transposable elements as well as in heterochromatin formation. Since the development process involves extensive epigenetic changes including histone H3 modifications, we investigated in this study the general heterochromatin and euchromatin status of the S. frugiperda genome during the different developmental stages. The objective was to see if there is evident accumulation of euchromatic or heterochromatic markers in certain developmental stages. To do this, the overall presence of epigenetic marks that are universally associated to heterochromatin and euchromatin was followed by Western-blot during different developmental stages of S. frugiperda. Western-blot signals were depicted at the linear range of exposition and the quantification analysis of these two histone H3 modifications relative to the overall amount of histone H3 is presented in Figure S5B. Using this method, a statistically significant enrichment of heterochromatic mark H3K9me2 was not observed during any developmental stage, whereas the euchromatic mark H3K4me2 is slightly more represented at very early stages of embryos development. To assess the kinetics of the epigenetic changes associated with S. frugiperda development, chromatin immunoprecipitations experiments were performed with antibodies that specifically recognise the above mentioned modifications of histone H3. The analyzed genomic region was a 141.1 Kb segment, cloned in BAC 83A24. This genomic region contains three distinct insertions of the TE-LNCR. The first one is at position 64563�C65884 bp, spanning the fourth intron of the fructose 1�C6 biphosphate aldolase gene. At this position, TE-LNCR could be transcribed from the promoter of the FBPA gene and could presumably generate all of these LNCR rasiRNAs. The other two insertions are in intergenic regions �C at 98101�C 98697 bp and at 109439�C110827 bp. These two areas are under no apparent promoter control. The distribution of genes and repetitive elements within this region, as well as the position of LNCR rasiRNAs expressed during different developmental stages are presented in Figure 5A. The inserted TE-LNCR copies are in genomic areas enriched in other repetitive elements.