We noticed that there might have publication bias in collecting association data. To reduce possible impacts of publication bias in the study, we did not use original significance level for genes in association studies; instead, we defined a scoring system ranging from 0�C4 in an attempt to account for the lower chance of publishing negative findings. We applied two criteria to assign a score for each gene: the total number of studies conducted for a gene and the proportion of positive results among those studies. It is more likely to have an extreme proportion of positive results when the total number of studies related to the gene is small. Hence, we considered both criteria for scoring so the proportion of positive results would not be largely inflated by nonpublished negative findings. Each gene was given a score based on a cut-off for the combinations of the two criteria. A higher score was assigned to a gene if the total number of studies for that gene was large and the proportion of positive results was high. As a result, we had 125 genes with the assigned scores ranging from 0 to 4. Recently, Harvey et al. reviewed published Reversine linkage studies from years 1995 to 2006 regarding mood disorders, and BKM120 reported 26 genomic regions that showed strong linkage signals to MDD. In addition, we searched individual genome-wide linkage studies in the NCBI PubMed database that were published before 2010 and were not included in Harvey et al. for traits related to affection, including ��depressive disorder��, ��bipolar disorder�� and ��neuroticism�� to obtain extra linkage regions. Three articles were found. Because the resolution in linkage studies was usually low, and it is not easy to define a confidence interval for each linkage peak across many linkage studies, to identify candidate genes in every linkage peak, we arbitrarily defined the boundaries of each selected region by the position of the markers giving the highest logarithm of odds scores and extending 10 megabases in both directions. This resulted in a total of 3,628 genes in 33 chromosomal regions. These genes were assigned a score of 1 if their corresponding LOD score ranged between 1 and 2, and the score increased by 1 with an increment of 1 LOD score unit. A score 0 was assigned if the corresponding LOD score was less than 1. Some studies only reported p-values; their 2log10p values were used in such cases. If both LOD and p-values were reported, scores for genes were decided based on the maximum of LOD and 2log10p. In this data platform, the assigned scores for candidate genes ranged from 0 to 4.6. To collect gene expression data, we used the Stanley Medical Research Institute online genomics database. This database collected 12 individual studies using postmortem human brain tissues in 988 array-based expression analyses for depression, schizophrenia and bipolar disorder .