In ESCs, mTOR PD 0332991 signaling can stabilize OCT4, SOX2 and NANOG expression and can negatively control the induction of endoderm and mesoderm from ESCs. Inhibition of mTOR with rapamycin enhanced the expression of endoderm and mesoderm markers in treated EB and impaired the pluripotency of hESCs, but this effect was not observed in neural differentiation. According to our results, mTOR signaling functions in neural induction. Transcripts associated with mTOR were upregulated during neurogenesis. NOTCH signaling is also active in hESCderived neural progenitors and has an important function in the proliferation and differentiation of NPCs. Inhibition of NOTCH can disrupt the maintenance of stem cell characteristics of NPCs ; , by suppressing the HES1 and HES5 genes, which negatively control the expression of the proneural genes MASH1 and NGN1. The NOTCH signaling members NOTCH1, DTX1, DTX3, DLL1, DLL3, HES5 and JAG2 were expressed more strongly at the NE stage compared to hESCs, and this stronger expression continued as the cells differentiated into final differentiated neurons. As shown previously, NOTCH signaling negatively controls neurogenesis in a stepwise process; in the first step, its activation leads to gliogenesis as opposed to neurogenesis, and in the second step, its activation promotes the production of astrocytes and inhibits the production of oligodendrocytes and neural fates. Another pathway that confers one of the characteristics of NPs is the Toll like Paclitaxel receptor pathway. The TLR pathway is involved in the development of CNS and the innate immune system and functions in cell proliferation and NPC differentiation. The TLR pathway has an immunomodulatory effect on NPCs via the activation of TNF-alpha. It seems that members of the TLR pathway are more highly expressed in NEs and DNs. WNT signaling, MAPK signaling, Jak-STAT signaling, Hedgehog signaling, and TGF-beta signaling are active pathways in NEs and DNs, but these pathways do not share common proteins. The expression of WNT1 and most WNT receptors decreased, although the expression of WNT4, WNT7A, WNT7B and FZD9 increased with neural differentiation. Neural progenitors have some overlap with ESCs in the expression patterns of WNT pathway molecules. The DKK1 gene, an inhibitor of WNT signaling, was suppressed during neurogenesis. However, another inhibitor, DKK3, had an increased expression level, which may explain how different members of the WNT gene family may control differentiation of different cell types. Metabolism associated genes are found in both ESCs and differentiated cells. Genes involved in the pentose phosphate pathway, galactose metabolism, ascorbate and aldarate metabolism and fatty acid elongation and metabolism have increased expression levels in stem cells.