A higher bacterial load of U. urealyticum, as compared to U. parvum, found in men with NGU would support these findings, and a stronger association with NGU would be expected in men with fewer lifetime sexual partners. Our results from testing mixtures of U. urealyticum and U. parvum indicated, that the ureaplasma species with the lowest titer in a co-infected patient would not be detected, when the U. urealyticum: U. parvum ratios were more than either 1:100 or 100:1. However, we only found co-infections with ratios up to 1:38, but whether that reflects inability to see larger differences in clinical specimens cannot be determined from the present study, as no attempt was made to detect the two species separately. Of the culture positive samples,Etanercept 7% and 5% of the female urethral and cervical samples contained both species, respectively. Other studies have found ureaplasma co-infections in 8% of female vaginal swabs and 4% of male urine specimens with separate PCRs for the two ureaplasma species. This suggests, that the rate of co-infections, found in our study, reflects the true distribution. In conclusion, the multiplex quantitative PCR provided rapid and accurate quantitation compared to culture and allowed detection of ureaplasmas also in specimens overgrown by other bacteria. Future studies should address the clinical relevance of the ureaplasma species and their quantitation when distinguishing between colonization and infection. Viral pathogens can induce dramatic morphological and developmental changes in plants. Geminiviruses are small, generally phloem-limited, ssDNA viruses with a genome size of 2.6–5.2 kb that infect a wide range of both monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous plants, including several economically important crop species. Beet curly top virus and Beet severe curly top virus are Curtoviruses,Verdinexor which are monopartite, leafhopper- transmitted viruses that infect only dicotyledonous plants. These two viruses are very similar in both genome structure and pathogenesis, but BSCTV causes more severe symptoms than BCTV. The viral genome of BSCTV encodes seven open reading frames. The protein products of these genes are involved in viral structure and insect vector transmission, replication, pathogenicity replication enhancement, movement, ssDNA accumulation, and symptom development.