This sharing of pathogens can result in a correlated prevalence of viruses and fungal Vorinostat HDAC inhibitor species between hymenopteran species such as bumble bees and honey bees. Our results are indicative that beneficial microbial taxa are also CPI-613 clinical trial shared between wasp and bee species. The proteomics analysis indicated the presence of Actinobacteria with six taxa most closely matching PCR sequences from our samples. These bacteria are known to provide a level of resistance to pathogens of honey bees such as American foulbrood and other species including paper wasps. Like the viruses, many species of Actinobacteria found in honey bees are also present in floral nectar, allowing horizontal transmission between bees and other nectar foraging species including wasps. The acquisition of beneficial microbial taxa from other insects may effectively offset any bottleneck loss of mutualistic microbes that could have occurred during the wasps�� invasion into their new range. Thus, it is not unexpected that wasps and other pollinators are exposed to a wide range of microbial taxa, but it is more surprising that such viruses and bacteria are able to tolerate the range of gastrointestinal and physiological environments associated with different herbivorous, omnivorous and carnivorous insect species. Invasive social insects such as the common wasp are a major problem in many countries. Our findings that suggest a lack of enemy release and generality of a pathogen fauna have major implications for their management. The likely spill-over and spill-back of pathogens and parasites that vary in their virulence between host species makes these community dynamics complicated, particularly over large scales that may have highly variable ecological communities. However, the large spatial distribution and high abundance of wasps in countries such as New Zealand makes widespread chemical control impractical and biological control more attractive. If pathogens of wasps are not host specific and instead are shared with key ecosystem service providers like honey bees, any introduction of pathogens or attempts to encourage pathogen abundance may have unintended negative consequences. Nevertheless populations of wasps in countries like England demonstrate considerable fluctuation, which is perhaps indicative of pathogen and parasite effects, but honey bee and bumble bee populations appear to be in sufficient abundance to provide ecosystem services. Future work towards understanding reasons for the population fluctuations of wasps in the native range should focus on species- or genera-specific pathogens or microbial interactions. Hematopoietic stem cells are the critical source of all blood cells.