By further comparing the GLO isozyme patterns in the rice leaves to the isoforms expressed in yeast, we found that the first and fifth isozyme are homo-GLO1 and homo-GLO4 polymers, respectively, and the other three isozymes are hetero-oligomers composed of GLO1 and GLO4. The subunit size for GLO is reportedly similar in different plants, ranging from 38–43 kDa. However, reports of the molecular weights of the holoenzymes differ greatly, ranging from 88 to 700 kDa, and even vary from study to study in the same plant species. Some researchers attributed these variations to dissociation of the GLO holoenzyme during the purification process. In this study, we determined that the subunit size for all of the GLO isoforms is identical at 40 kDa, and that the molecular weights of the holoenzymes range from 490 kDa to 650 kDa. We thus deduced that the subunit number varies from 12 to 16, and that the first isozyme is a 12-mer composed uniformly of GLO1 and the fifth is a 16-mer composed uniformly of GLO4, and the second, third, and fourth isozymes are heterooligomers composed of GLO1 and GLO4, likely with only one subunit difference between them. It has been commonly demonstrated that isozymes, particularly hetero-oligomeric ones, can play different biological roles. For instance, the fructokinase isozyme FRK1 functions in flowering in tomato, while the other isozyme FRK2 is involved in growth and development of different organs. It is thus interesting to Gefitinib explore whether GLO isozymes may play additional unknown roles. While different isozyme patterns are seen in the GLO4-overexpressed lines, we have not yet seen changed isozyme profiles in response to environmental conditions. Zelitch et al. found that GLO knockout mutants of maize displayed the air-lethal phenotype similar to that seen in C3 plants, who holds the view that the photorespiratory pathway is equally important in C4 plants as it is in C3 plants. Since photorespiration is known to be very minor in maize, another possibility still exists that GLO might play unknown essential roles, as has been previously proposed. Further functional analyses are needed to explore the overall roles of GLO in rice and other plants. In cerebral stroke – a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the aged population – the ischemic brain is typically characterized by a central core with very low perfusion which undergoes necrotic cell death, and a surrounding dysfunctional peri-ischemic region, also often known as the ‘stroke penumbra’. Neuronal dysfunction in the peri-ischemic region appears to arise from several interrelated processes including reduced energy supply, metabolic and ionic disturbances, vascular compromise, blood-brain barrier dysfunction, glial and immunological response. It is the fate of the peri-ischemic region that often determines the extent of the patient’s recovery. Importantly, stroke may progress or become hemorrhagic and the penumbra may become part of the necrotic region.